How To Learn Flowcharting Technique Release 1

38. Computer Programming with flowcharting Technique (page 38)

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9. The problem in programming logics consists of three parts
A. Problem with the data is in one file with the program
B. Problem with the data separated from program
C. The problem of the application of system accountancy,

A. Problem with the data is in one file with the program
By READ DATA processing, that is Extract Processing.
Data filtered before done by computing process (summarize).
Summarize, consisted of:
i. Single Control Break: Process is done based on the same key-field
ii. Multiple Control Break: Process is done based on the same key-field MAYOR and some the same key-field MINOR.
iii. Double Check.Process is done to having double record in the same key-field

B. Problem with the data separated from program
Data is written in a file, and program is written in the other file.
It is done by Filing System with OPEN FILE statement.
There are five computing process:
a. Sort Processing consisted of: i. Bubble Sort ii. Insert Sort
b. Look Up Table Processing
c. Match Data Processing
d. Data Update Processing
e. Merge Data Processing

C. The problem of the application of system accountancy.
Input data is processed by several programs
Output from the first process to be processed into output by the second program.
Later this output becomes the input to the next program. And so on.

10. The EXTRACT theory
Extract mean filtering.
There are some criteria certain of which must be passed every data.
For example this five kinds of criteria
When criteria firstly are fulfilled, direct data is processed.
When doesn't fulfill clauses, there are still four other criteria of which must be passed to process computing.
Example:
There is a student.For example his/her name is " A" , is one of the five son/daughter. When we wish to know about this student,hence we need to prepare four criteria for this student which is:
1. The First son/daughter, if not, distribute to criteria 2.
2. Second, if not, distribute to criteria 3
3. Third, if not, distribute to criteria 4
4. Fourth, if not also, not necessarily asked no more, he/she must be the Fifth son/daughter
So if criteria there are 5, test is done by 4 times. ( 5 - 1 = 4 )
If (there are) any 3 criterion, enough 2 times test only. ( 3 - 1 = 2 )
If 2 criterion, enough once test only. ( 2 - 1 = 1 )

Example of problem 13 ( extract )
PROG060
By one class rooms there are 10 students. If it is known that maximum consisted of having 7 sister/brother.
Calculate
a. Number of students which have 1 brother / sister
b. Number of students which have 2 brother / sister and so on.
Record Input:
Name of student: 20 digits alpha numeric
Code:1 digit numeric
Record Output:
Name of student: 20 digits alpha numeric
Code:1 digit numeric
By the end of print process:Calculate Total number of student which having bother/sister 1,2,3 etc.
Fig.35

LISTING PROGRAM PROG060
10 CLS
20 PRINT “PROG060”
30 INPUT “Year process : “;YEAR
40 T1 = 0
41 T2 = 0
42 T3 = 0
43 T4 = 0
44 T5 = 0
45 T6 = 0
46 T7 = 0
50 READ A$,B
60 IF A$ = “*“ THEN 210
70 IF B = 1 THEN 150
80 IF B = 2 THEN 160
90 IF B = 3 THEN 170
100 IF B = 4 THEN 180
110 IF B = 5 THEN 190
120 IF B = 6 THEN 200
130 T7 = T7 + 1
140 PRINT A$ , B
145 GOTO 50
150 T1 = T1 + 1
155 GOTO 140
160 T1 = T1 + 1
165 GOTO 140
170 T1 = T1 + 1
175 GOTO 140
180 T1 = T1 + 1
185 GOTO 140
190 T1 = T1 + 1
195 GOTO 140
200 T1 = T1 + 1
205 GOTO 140
210 PRINT “TOTAL 1 = “ ; T1
220 PRINT “TOTAL 2 = “ ; T2
230 PRINT “TOTAL 3 = “ ; T3
240 PRINT “TOTAL 4 = “ ; T4
250 PRINT “TOTAL 5 = “ ; T5
260 PRINT “TOTAL 6 = “ ; T6
270 PRINT “TOTAL 7 = “ ; T7
280 END
290 DATA RONO ASTRO , 3
300 DATA EYANG PUTRI , 1
310 DATA WIRYO SOEMARTO , 2
320 DATA SUPINAH , 1
330 DATA ROESTAMADJI , 2
340 DATA SOEPADMI KANTI , 5
350 DATA SUKEMI HANDINI , 6
360 DATA KAMSIYAH , 2
370 DATA ROESMINTONO , 7
380 DATA MOEDJIATI , 5
390 DATA * ,0

Output
PROG060
Year process : 2009
RONO ASTRO , 3
EYANG PUTRI , 1
WIRYO SOEMARTO , 2
SUPINAH , 7
ROESTAMAJI , 2
SOEPADMI KANTI , 5
SUKEMI HANDINI , 6
KAMSIYAH , 2
ROESMINTONO , 7
MOEDJIATI , 2
“TOTAL 1 = “ ; 1
“TOTAL 2 = “ ; 4
“TOTAL 3 = “ ; 1
“TOTAL 4 = “ ; 0
“TOTAL 5 = “ ; 1
“TOTAL 6 = “ ; 1
“TOTAL 7 = “ ; 2

Note:
Data are written in the last program listing.
Data name and code is separate by comma.
The last data is data substitute which is * for non numeric data which is data $(string).
And 0 for numeric data.

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8. ELEMENTARY FLOWCHART

8.1. EXAMPLE: Problem 12
From data which you there have been asked makes program to calculate
a. the many data
b. number of all data
c. the biggest data
d. smallest data
e. mean (AVERAGE)

8.2. Solution
This calculation process done applies mathematics formula by following way of writing of program that is:
Multiplication ( * ), division ( / ), quantifying ( + ), reduction ( - ), exponent rank ( ^ ), and gives parenthesis ( ) at part of calculation in order not to invite miscounting.

8.3. Logic:
Data read, when pot is clean data ( EOF), print output

8.4. Programming stages and steps:

8.4.1. Elementary flowchart picture
8.4.2. Writes name of variable
N = variable for the many data
N Initial Value = 0
TOTAL = variable for amounts of all data
MAX = variable for the biggest data
MIN = variable for smallest data
AVG = variable for mean (Average)

8.4.3. Determines variable data input
The biggest data lapped over out of three digits, hence addition berry of end data ( EOF = End Of File) that is number 999 ( the biggest number for three digits )

8.4.4. Writes mathematics formula required

8.4.5. Print output when data has finished
Fig.34

8.4.6. Program Listing

You would easily write the listing program.
Having making Program Listing writes data which will be processed.
Its way writes the data at the next line number for example.
180 DATA 38, 45, 20, 90, 27, 66, 49, 99
Then in SAVE by PROG057

8.4.7. Description:
And the biggest value is alterable smallest, in consequence there must be name of variable for the biggest data of temporary ( MAX) and smallest of temporary ( MIN)
At read of first data (value N=1) hence data value filled in as initial price for MAX and MIN.
At read of data hereinafter, data read ( A) compared to MAX and MIN. If A>MAX hence value A replaces value MAX stripper.
Then when A < MIN hence value A replaces value MIN stripper.
Thereby computing process will do update ( renewal) continuous value until pot is clean data
Value MAKS and last MIN printed as the biggest data ( MAX) and smallest ( MIN) from all data.
Numeral 999 that is end data is not processed. That function just for pointing to data boundary which must be processed. All data written behind data 99 will not be processed.

Information
Brainware: worker IT ( Information Technology)
Firstly is called as Data Entry Operator assigned enters / records data. With brief practice one can becomes Data Entry Operator
The next called as Computer Operators working it is operating / implements computer A computer operators must master Microsoft Office ( minimum) ( MsWord, Exel, PowerPoint and others)
(Nowadays Computer Operator and Data Entry Operator are the same profession)
A programmer must have programming logic and masters at least one programming languages for example Pascal, C, VB, Delphi, Java and so.
System Analyst is the next storey. A System Analyst receives making order of program from vendor that is company / individual of who is asking for designing program. Program which will be made must as according to order and according to programming logic path. In consequence between System Analyst and vendor agreement there must be that is then is poured in the form of System Design that is System Flowchart. From system design Programmer makes Program Design which is in the form of flowchart called as Program Flowchart. Hereinafter problems at this book made at this rate.

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7.6. Application

7.6.1. Siren
SOUND (A,B) to make sound.
A = frequency variable by minimizing 100 and maximum 30000 Hertz
B = variable duration minimum 01 and maximum 1000 seconds

7.6.1.1 Tone Program 1
10 CLS
15 PRINT “PROG051”
20 FOR A = 100 TO 10000 STEP 10
30 SOUND A,1
40 NEXT A

7.6.1.2 Tone Program 2
10 CLS
15 PRINT “PROG052”
20 FOR B = 100 TO 10000 STEP 10
30 SOUND (B,5)
40 NEXT B

7.6.1.3 Tone Program 3
10 CLS
15 PRINT “PROG053”
20 FOR C = 1 TO 100
30 SOUND (1000,C)
40 NEXT C

7.6.1.4 Tone Program 4
10 CLS
15 PRINT “PROG054”
20 FOR D = 1 TO 100 STEP 50
30 SOUND (1000,D)
40 NEXT D

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33. Computer Programming with flowcharting Technique (page 33)

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30. Computer Programming with flowcharting Technique (page 30)

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FIG.33

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7.3. Looping in the loop
Problem example
Print number 2 to 10 step 3, every number printed followed by article * counted number is printed by that. The process is repeated 4 times
Output :
2 * * 5 * * * * * 8 * * * * * * * *
2 * * 5 * * * * * 8 * * * * * * * *
2 * * 5 * * * * * 8 * * * * * * * *
2 * * 5 * * * * * 8 * * * * * * * *

Program Listing

10 CLS
15 PRINT “PROG038”
20 A$ = “*” : K = 0 : B = 0 : C = 0
30 C = C + 1
40 IF C > 4 THEN 160
50 K = - 1
60 K = K + 3
70 IF K > 10 THEN 140
80 PRINT K ;
90 B = 0
100 B = B + 1
110 IF B > K THEN 60
120 PRINT A$;
130 GOTO 100
140 PRINT
150 GOTO 30
160 END

Description:
Statement PRINT at line 70 is that line move display.

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FIG.28

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FIG.27

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FIG.26
7.1.6. f. WHILE . . . WEND

1F1.
10 CLS
15 PRINT “PROG022”
20 X = 1
30 WHILE X < = 100
40 PRINT X;
50 X = X + 1
60 WEND
70 END

1F2.
10 CLS
15 PRINT “PROG023”
20 X = ( 1 – 1 )
30 WHILE X < 100
40 X = X + 1
50 PRINT X;
60 WEND
70 END

Note:
( PRINT X); backward and (PRINT X) ; in front )
If You change line number 40 and 50
40 X = X + 1
50 PRINT X;
change
40 PRINT X;
50 X = X + 1
Output:
2 3 4 . . . . 100 101 0 1 2 3 4 . . . . 100

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FIG.25
7.1.5. e. DO [statement block] . . . LOOP [ (UNTIL) condition ]

1E1.
10 CLS
15 PRINT “PROG020”
20 X = 1
30 DO
40 PRINT X;
50 X = X + 1
60 LOOP UNTIL X > 100
70 END

1E2.
10 CLS
15 PRINT “PROG021”
20 X = ( 1 – 1 )
30 DO
40 X = X + 1
50 PRINT X;
60 LOOP UNTIL X = 100
70 END

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FIG.24
7.1.4. d. DO [statement block] . . . LOOP [ (WHILE) condition ]

1D1
10 CLS
15 PRINT “PROG017”
20 X = 1
30 DO
40 PRINT X;
50 X = X + 1
60 LOOP WHILE X < = 100
70 END

1D2.
10 CLS
15 PRINT “PROG018”
20 X = ( 1 – 1 )
30 DO
40 X = X + 1
50 PRINT X;
60 LOOP WHILE X < 100
70 END

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FIG.23
7.1.3. c. DO [ (UNTIL) condition ] [statement block] . . . LOOP

1C.1.3
10 CLS
15 PRINT “PROG016”
20 X = 1
30 DO UNTIL X > 100
40 PRINT X;
50 X = X + 1
60 LOOP
70 END

1C.2.
10 CLS
15 PRINT “PROG017”
20 X = ( 1 – 1 )
30 DO UNTIL X = 100
40 X = X + 1
50 PRINT X;
60 LOOP
70 END

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FIG.22

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FIG.21
Writing differs from command goto but the output is same

7.1.1. a. FOR - - - NEXT - - - STEP
10 CLS
15 PRINT “PROG013”
20 X = 1
30 FOR X = 1 TO 100 STEP 1
35 PRINT X;
40 NEXT X
50 END

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FIG.20

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7. Command looping
Beside using command GOTO
Looping can be done with statement
a. FOR - - - NEXT - - STEP
b. DO [ (WHILE) condition ] [statement block] . . . LOOP
c. DO [ (UNTIL) condition ] [statement block] . . . LOOP
d. DO [statement block] . . . LOOP [ (WHILE) condition ]
e. DO [statement block] . . . LOOP [ (UNTIL) condition ]
f. WHILE . . . WEND

For example :
7.1. Single Looping
Print number 1 to 100 successive ( step 1)
( Output : 1 2 3 4 5 . . . . . 100 )
PROG012
With GOTO statement

FIG.19

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Problem 11
You are asked to makes program to print article NEW YORK 10 times then town METROPOLITAN counted 3 times.
The process is repeated 5 times

Solution
To print 10 times is given by iteration constrain 10 times with Counter A
To print 3 times is given by iteration constrain 3 times with Counter B
To repeat the process 5 times is determined with Counter C

Logic:
Does iteration 10 times to print word " NEW YORK"
Does iteration counted 3 times to print word " town METROPOLITAN"
Does iteration counted 5 times to redo the process.

Programming stages and steps:
Determines string variable to say NEW YORK and town METROPOLITAN
Process looping with iteration 10 times for counter and word NEW YORK

Description
Every completed printing 10 times word " NEW YORK" , counter A in zero isn't it ( A = 0)
( line number 100 )
So also completed printing 3 times word " town METROPOLITAN" counter B also in zero isn't it ( line number 140 ). This process alike in filling gasoline station. Having filling gasoline in each vehicle, counter in zero isn't it to start calculates gasoline litre at the next vehicle.

At problem 11 is counter zero A = 0 and B = movable 0 at line after number 50 for example 51 A = 0 and 52 B = 0 . Result of its is being equal.

FIG.18

Output
First iteration
NEW YORK NEW YORK NEW YORK NEW YORK NEW YORK NEW YORK NEW YORK NEW YORK NEW YORK NEW YORK town METROPOLITAN town METROPOLITAN town METROPOLITAN
Second iteration
NEW YORK NEW YORK NEW YORK NEW YORK NEW YORK NEW YORK NEW YORK NEW YORK NEW YORK NEW YORK town METROPOLITAN town METROPOLITAN town METROPOLITAN
etc until 10th iteration.

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6.2. Looping and single looping

Problem 10
You are asked to makes program to print article NEW YORK 10 times , then prints on start number - 4 until number 100 with difference 7

Solution
To print word NEW YORK must be given iteration constrain 10 times
First number - 4 with difference = 7
Until number 100

Logic:
Does iteration 10 times to print word NEW YORK (Counter X)
Then does iteration to print number asked by determining initial number, different and last number 100. (Counter N)

Programming stages and steps:
Determines string variable to say NEW YORK
Determines initial number (non first number) that is - 4 -( 7) = - 11
Process looping with iteration 10 times for counter X and word NEW YORK
After completed does iteration to print number asked (Counter N)

FIG.17
Output :
NEW YORK NEW YORK NEW YORK - - - to 10 times then
Number - 4 3 10 17 and hereinafter

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Problem 9
You are asked to makes program to print article NEW YORK 10 times and every article is given massage number 1 up to 10

Solution
To print 10 times must be given iteration constrain 10 times

Logic:
Does iteration 10 times to print sequential number and word NEW YORK

Programming stages and steps:
Determines string variable to say NEW YORK
Process looping with iteration 10 times for counter and word NEW YORK

Description
Counter is calculation at iteration process

PROG009

FIG.16

Output: 1NEW YORK2NEW YORK3NEW YORK and so on

Additional description:
If line number 60 changed by PRINT X ; " " ; A$
Output:
1 NEW YORK
2 NEW YORK
3 NEW YORK and so on

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6. Continuation of iteration: Looping

6.1. a. Single Loop

Problem 8
You are asked to makes program to print article NEW YORK 10 times

Solution
To print 10 times must be given iteration constrain 10 times

Logic:
Does iteration 10 times to print word NEW YORK

Programming stages and steps:
Determines string variable to print NEW YORK
Process looping with iteration 10 times

PROG008

FIG.15

At line number 60 PRINT A$ ; " " ; to print space between article New York

Output
After in execution (RUN) result:

New York New York New York New York New York New York New York New York New York New York

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Problem 7
You are requested to make a program sort the number of the largest to the smaller number is determined when the number of three-INPUT is not the same magnitude.

Solutions
Eg the number of K, L and M
Logic:
The first is the largest, followed by a smaller number and the last is the smallest.
Programming steps:
compare K with L, and the winner compare with M, the winner is the first order
Losers compare with others who also lost for a second.
The remaining sequence is the last (the smallest)

FIG.14

Sequence logic is logic that is very difficult when data amounts which will be sorted quite a lot.

DATA TEST: Sees example before all

Output

For two data A and B is obtained by 2 output that is A,B and B,A = 2 ! = 1 x 2 = 2

For three data K,L,M is obtained by 3 ! ( factorial) = 1 x 2 x 3 = 6 output that is:

( K,L,M ), ( K,M,L ), ( L,K,M ), ( L,M,K ), ( M,K,L ) and ( M,L,K )

For four data P,Q,R,S will be got output 4 ! = 1x2x3x4 = 24 output

That way further.

Sequence four data is not done here because its flowchart is too big.

At computing process, there is tens of data sequence program which has been found. Till now the expert still looking for quickest program to sort data in gross.

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5.4.2. SORTING ( Sequence) just for limited data ( maximum of 4 data)

Problem 6
You are asked to makes program to sort numeral from the biggest number to smaller number determined by INPUT two level unegual numbers.
Solution
For example the number A and B

Logic:
First number is the biggest number, followed smaller number.

Programming stages,steps:

Confronts A with B, the winner is first number.

If A > B hence sequence is A, B
If no, means A smaller than B  (A < B), hence sequence is B, A

FIG.13

TEST DATA : Sees example before all

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The problem of 5
You are asked to makes program to present the biggest number from INPUT four level unequal numbers.

Solution
For example the number P, Q, R and S

Logic:
The biggest number is number the always bigger if compared to three other number.

Programming stages and steps:
Confronts P with Q, the winner matched with R and the winner is confronted with S
At Flowchart under this Y (Yes) towards right and N (NO) downwards
Input P, Input Q, Input R and Input S can be summarized to become INPUT P,Q,R,S
When executed (in RUN) will come up ? ( enters input)
Writes numeral 4 by dissociated by sign , ( comma) for example 452 , 317 , 9054 , 22
Then press ENTER

DATA TEST : test your program with this input data
P , Q , R , S
data 1 : 1 , 2 , 3 , 4
data 2 : 1 , 2 , 4 , 3
data 3 : 1 , 3 , 2 , 4
data 4 : 1 , 3 , 4 , 2
data 5 : 1 , 4 , 2 , 3
data 6 : 1 , 4 , 3 , 2
data 7 : 2 , 1 , 3 , 4
data 8 : 2 , 1 , 4 , 3
data 9 : 2 , 3 , 1 , 4
data 10 : 2 , 3 , 4 , 1
data 11 : 2 , 4 , 1 , 3
data 12 : 2 , 4 , 3 , 1
data 13 : 3 , 1 , 2 , 4
data 14 : 3 , 1 , 4 , 2
data 15 : 3 , 2 , 1 , 4
data 16 : 3 , 2 , 4 , 1
data 17 : 3 , 4 , 1 , 2
data 18 : 3 , 4 , 2 , 1
data 19 : 4 , 1 , 2 , 3
data 20 : 4 , 1 , 3 , 2
data 21 : 4 , 2 , 1 , 3
data 22 : 4 , 2 , 3 , 1
data 23 : 4 , 3 , 1 , 2
data 24 : 4 , 3 , 2 , 1
OUTPUT is number 4 ( the biggest number out of the four data)

Hereinafter you input can having kinds of number

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Flowchart 4C = Flowchart 4D writing only of line number differed, but result of its (output) the same.

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Example problem 4
You are asked to makes program to present the biggest number from INPUT three level unequal numbers.

Solution
For example the number K, L and M
Firstly compares K with L. There are two possibilities.

First possibility:
If K > L hence continuing compares K with M.
If simply of course K > M means K the biggest number since have already won K at the next and first step wins M also.
If no (M larger ones) hence M is the biggest number since have already won K which has give L. In this case no more require M compares with L.

Second possibility
If no (K < L) hence comparing L with M
If simply L > M hence L is the biggest number because winning K and M.
If no (M > L) hence M is the biggest number because has won L larger ones from K

Description:
The problem of this is beginning of from logic which must be mastered truly.

Program Listing
10 CLS
15 PRINT “PROG04A”
20 INPUT K
30 INPUT L
40 INPUT M
50 IF K > L THEN 90
60 IF L > M THEN 120
70 PRINT M
80 END
90 IF K > M THEN 110
100 PRINT M
105 GOTO 80
110 PRINT K
115 GOTO 80
120 PRINT L
125 GOTO 80

Description
1. At Flowchart 4 A. After statement PRINT must be figured in GOTO
Except line number 70
(May also be added 75 GOTO 80 although unnecessary)
Command (statement) this GOTO often is forgotten. As a result there will be mistake at the time of in RUN
2. If paid attention simply there is two PRINT M.
Its logic is of course that way. Please compare to flowchart 4 B and 4 C.
At flowchart 4 B and 4 C obtained to be each two PRINT K, L, and M
Flowchart 4 A, 4 B and 4 C when in RUN will yield output which are same.
3. Writing of line number can be done like at flowchart 4 B or 4 C
4. Choice Y (Yes) and N (NO) at Decision Symbol towards right can and downward or on the contrary. Under this example of if Y (Yes) downward and N(NO) towards right.
5. Hereinafter is all content of this book Y (Yes) in right and N (NO) direction downward Decision Symbol. This for uniformity and amenity only

DATA TEST:
Firstly: INPUT K is filled by number 1, INPUT L Number 2, INPUT M number 3
Second: INPUT K is filled by number 1, INPUT L Number 3, INPUT M number 2
Third: INPUT K is filled by number 2, INPUT L Number 1, INPUT M number 3
Fourth: INPUT K is filled by number 2, INPUT L Number 3, INPUT M number 1
Fifth: INPUT K is filled by number 3, INPUT L Number 1, INPUT M number 2
Sixth: INPUT K is filled [by] number 3, INPUT L Number 2, INPUT M number 1
OUTPUT is number 3 (the biggest number out of the three data)
Hereinafter your input can have kinds of number.

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5.4. B With data INPUT

5.4.1. Find the biggest number

Example:problem 3
You are asked to find the biggest number from two unequal numbers
For example first number of A (numeric) and second number of B (numeric)

Solution:
Applies INPUT A for first number and INPUT B for second number.
If A > B hence printed (PRINT) be A. The statement is PRINT A
If B > A hence printed (PRINT) be B. The statement is PRINT B
In the problem of this answer may not be other.

At this flowchart simply statement END (line number 60) be not in end number.
No problem, because of course it is the logic.

When this program implemented (executed = in RUN) hence will come up ? (input A asks filled by number). Types is just for example number 9 then press ENTER
Came up again? Fills in value B for example 127 then ENTER
Hence will come the result is number 127 as biggest number.
Program can be implemented by input other number.
Save (this program record by the name "SOAL3")

TEST DATA:
First: INPUT A is filled by number 1, and INPUT B is filled by number 2
Second: INPUT A is filled by number 2, and INPUT B is filled by number 1
OUTPUT is number 2 (the biggest number from two the data)
Hereinafter you can input with any number.

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Example: problem 2
You are asked to makes program to print number 1 up to 100 with difference 3

Solution
First number which will be printed is number 1
End number which will be printed is number 100
Iteration formula X = X + 3
Determines initial value = initial number (= 1) in PRINT X formerly
Check is value printed >( 100)
So X(0) = 1 and X(last) > 100
Determine terminal value. Maximum terminal values 100 written X > 100

FIG.5
Solution
First number which will be printed is number 1
End number which will be printed is maximum number 100
Iteration formula X = X + 3
Determines initial value = initial number (1) lessened difference ( 3) = 1 - 3 = - 2.
So X(0) = - 2
Determines the terminal value. Maximum terminal value 100 written by X > 100
After in check that X has not > 100, hence done by printing (PRINT X)

FIG.6
When in RUN, result is written by number: 1, 4, 7, 10, - - - and so on
Record (saves = save) program by the name: "SOAL2" or " PROG002"

Description:
If kept by the name "SOAL1" or "PROG001" hence stripper program ("SOAL1") or "PROG001" will be vanished ( overlapped) by new program which the same name. These are often done by new participant. Program vanished cannot be called (LOAD) again.

Statement File Open "SOAL1" or File Open "PROG001" will present as your first program

At program BASICA command is LOAD "Soal1" or LOAD "PROG001"

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5. Flowchart: Compiles flowchart

A. Without data , Data formulated in program
B. data INPUT. Data in input when execution
C. READ data. Data and program is written together by one files.
D. FILING SYSTEM. Data is recorded separated from program .

5.1 A Without data

Example Of The problem of 1
You are asked to makes program to print number 1 up to 100 with difference 1

Solution The problem of 1
First number which will be printed is number 1
End number which will be printed is maximum 100
Iteration formula X = X + 1

5.1.1. Determines initial value

Initial number (1) lessened difference (1) = 1 - 1 = 0.
So X(0) = 0

5.1.2. Determines terminal value.

Maximum terminal value 100 written by X > 100
FIG. 4
Description

Every start process is started with Start at Terminal symbol
Command ( statement) written in uppercase.

Number 10
Terminal symbol , starts computing process
CLS abbreviation from CLear Screen = cleans [screen]
Statement governed the just for language BASICA
At other programming language governed the others statement

Line number 15
Governs to print article PROG001

Number 20
Preparation symbol (to write initial value)
Initial Value X = 0 (Determined by programmer: X(0) = 0 )

Number 30
Processing symbol ( to write formula )
Iteration formula is written at processing phonetic symbol.

Number 40
Decision symbol ( to take choice )
Statement always IF - - - followed THEN - - - IF X > 100 THEN 60
If statement correctness (Yes) (X value bigger than number 100) hence process is continued towards number process 60
Otherwise (NO) (value X is not more big from number 100) hence process is continued by number process 50
Important to remember that line number for wrong condition (NO) must always is prioritized (the number is smaller) from condition of correctness ( Yes)

Number 50
Data input-output phonetic symbol
PRINT X: governs to print value X in vertical (from the top downward).
For example: 1
2
3
4
5
6
7

PRINT X; governs to print value X nearby.
For example: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
PRINT X, is governing to print value X in 5 column for every line
For example
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
11 12 etc.

Number 55
GOTO 30 is command for continuing to number process 30

Number 60
Symbol terminal : END terminates computing process

When program is executed, hence will be written number 1 2 3 4 - - - 100
Executes = implements ( RUN ) program

5.2. Program record ( Save )

Save program by the name "SOAL1" ( set solid) or "PROG001"

Doesn't write name " THE PROBLEM OF 1" or " PROG 001" ( there are spaces), because will be refused by computer on trespassing programming language order BASICA

Additional description:
Line number 10, 20, 30 and so on can be eliminated at this program
Writing of the line number better is done to facilitate studies program making,
This line number can be written with number 1, 2, 3 or 100, 200, 300 and so. But shall not be filled number set of 1, 2, 3 , because if required by inset, hence number inserted to in the form of fraction, for example number 2½ . At number tens of can be inserted number 31, 32, 35, 39 and so. Writing of this line number doesn't influence computing process.

Description: If using software Basica,
PRINT X will print number 1 up to 100 successive downward(in one column)
PRINT X; prints successive of righteous (at a line)
PRINT X, prints at a line with distance 1 column (maximum of 5 column)
PRINT TAB(1);TAB(3);TAB(5);TAB(7); prints in column 1, 3 , 5, and 7

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2. Programming base logic

Line passed by process to can be in the form of successive line ( sequence), ramification ( branching) and loop ( looping). Program is built by using the lines

2.1. Sequence = successive

Fig.1
Originally process A is continued [by] process B then C, D and successive E

2.2. Branching = ramification

Fig .2
After doing process A and B then process C. At C happened process decision (determination test of choice). By seeing condition of result of data processing, program will choose distribute to D or H.

For example: at program has been determined if data value = 0, hence process distribute to process D, E, F, and G and so.

If data value not = 0, hence process distribute to process H, I, and towards to process G and so.

2.3. Looping = loop

Fig.3

When at process branching ( ramification) direction of process after decision towards to the next process ( forwards) hence at process looping after decision ( F) computing process can be distribute to the next process is processing G or returns towards process C to pass process H, I

3. Programming Language BASICA

Basica is programming language basis for studies Visual Basic and VBasicNet which the existing popular. Hereinafter all content of this book applies Bahasa Basica of the DOS 6.

3.1 Simple data types.

To learn base logic, enough to know simple data that is string and numeric

3.1.1. Data string ( $) be data to [him] cannot be done mathematics process

3.1.2. Data numeric always can be processed in mathematics.

Example: A$ ( A string)="17". B$ = "08" and C$= "1945"

If summed up: A$ + B$ + C$ result is "17081945" (Indonesian Independence day).

For data numeric, for example K=17, L=08, M=1945.

If summed up: K + L+ M hence result is 1970.

3.2. Changes data string to become numeric and conversely

Convertible string data become numeric by order of VAL (Value).

A= val(A$) = val(“17”) = 17
B= val(B$)= val(“08”) = 8
C= val(C$) =val(“1945”) = 1945
A + B + C = 1970

Data numeric earns also is altered to become data string by order of STR$

K$= STR$(K) = STR$(17) = “17”
L$ = STR$(L) = STR$(08)=”08”
M$ = STR$(M) = STR$(1945) = “1945”
K$ + L$ + M$ = “170845”

4. Iteration Process

Process looping the always yields new value change called as iteration.

Iteration is formulated in the form of X = X + A which A is a numeric one

4.1. Iteration formula X = X + A (A = numeric)

The first X is the new value.
The second X is the old value

For example: iteration formula P = P + 3

For example as initial value is determined by P(0)=5

At First step P(1) = P(0) + 3 = 5 + 3 = 8

At second step P(2) = P(1) + 3 = 8 + 3 = 11

At third step P(3) = P(2) + 3 = 11 + 3 = 14

That way further the iteration process will continue until reached certain condition which has been programmed.

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1. Introduction

1. 1 Computers work principle

Computers fundamental component are electronic circuit which can be occupied bit 0 and bit 1.
Bit 0 is named condition of OFF while 1 condition of ON.
Computers process or computing done by controlling bit 0 and bit 1 at the electronic network.
The operation procedure is written in the form of COMPUTER PROGRAM.
COMPUTER PROGRAM will process INPUT (DATA) becomes OUTPUT (INFORMATION)
COMPUTER PROGRAM contains computer data processing process sequence.
COMPUTER PROGRAM written in programming language.
Result of data processing process called as INFORMATION
Simply, DATA is processed to apply PROGRAM to be INFORMATION or with computer term:

DATA ----- PROCESS ----- INFORMATION or
INPUT ----- PROGRAM ----- OUTPUT

Like making bread, DATA is raw material that is: wheat, sugar, butter, egg and others. The raw material then is processed. The processing through some steps: originally wheat is given by water. Swirled scrambled. Then is decanted sugar, other egg, butter and mixture. Hereinafter is swirled until flattening. The next is cooking in oven.
Result (OUTPUT) after cooking to become bread ready for consumed.

1.2. Programming language
Data processing computer pass certain phases and step. These phases and steps are written down sequentially in the form of program. So program are commands in successive lists written in programming language to process data. The command written in programming language which is not English although many command written in English like.

There are two programming language types that are:
1. Low-level language orienting at machine language (Machine Language and Assembly Language) relates to operation hardware computer.
2. High level language orienting at man language (BASIC = Beginner All purpose Symbolical Instruction Code), applied for the application of public for example for calculation and business, Fortran = Formula Translator for calculation mathematics. Cobol (Common Business Oriented Language) for business applications. In the next development are Pascal language, C, and continued with visual program for example vBasic, Delphi, Visual C and then VBNet (VBASICNET). Now there is plenty of programming language software in marketing.

1.3. Algorithm and flowchart

Flowchart facilitates programmer to get visual picture from ALGORITMA. Algorithm is computing process sequence written to water down programmer makes program. So make program in advance is made algorithm visualizing in the form of flowchart. Experienced programmer makes program without flowchart, even without making algorithm in advance. Junior Programmer suggested mastering technique flowcharting in advance. Programming logic is visualization in the form of flowchart. To learn Assembly, absolute flowchart is required.

1.4. Computer system.

Some computer programs integrated to become one unities of so-called system software. Software system can be supposed like lake to contain water with peace surface. When people drops as of item big stone, hence water level in that lake would be surging and would be calm again after same elsewhere water level height. So also when small gravel is dropped, happened small ripples is of all water level until height of all the same water level. And so do at software system, Big transaction happened at data input will cause change at journal and general ledger later on influences balance. Small scale transaction also same its influence. There are not differentiated between small and big transactions. Flowchart for software system called as SYSTEM FLOWCHART while for computer program called as PROGRAM FLOWCHART.

1.5. Program making phase

Makes program to differ from makes system program. When this if there are request makes program meant is make system program totally which is integrating from some programs. Remuneration program or common called as Payroll for example consisted of recording program of mains data, base salary tables, subsidy tables, overtime list and cutting list during one month, calculation program, output print program etcetera. So do not be consisted of one just programs but some programs is integrated to become one software system. In consequence its(the flowchart is also differs in like the one is mentioned to that is system flowchart and program flowchart. System flowchart lapped over from some programs flowchart.

1.6. Symbol SYSTEM FLOWCHART

1.7. Symbol PROGRAM FLOWCHART

This symbol applied to depict relationship between programs flowchart which has integrated

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LEVEL 1:

1. Introduction

1.1 Computer work principles

1.2 Programming languages

1.3. Algorithm and flowchart

1.4. Computer system.

1.5. Program making phase

1.6. SYSTEM FLOWCHART Symbol

1.7. Program FLOWCHART Symbol

2. Programming base logic

2.1. Sequence = successive

2.2. Branching = ramification

2.3. Looping = loop

3. BASICA Programming Language

3.1. Simple data types.

3.1.1. Data String ($)

3.1.2. Data numeric

3.2. Changes data string to numeric and conversely

3.3. Access data string

3.3.1. LEN$

3.3.2. LEFT$

3.3.3. RIGHT$

3.3.4. MID$

4. Iteration Process

4.1. Iteration formula

4.2. Cummulating Process

5. Flowchart: How to make flowchart

5.1. A Without data

5.1.1. Determines initial value

5.1.2. Determines terminal value.

5.2. Program record (save )

5.3.

5.4. B With data INPUT

5.4.1. Print the biggest number

5.4.2. SORTING (Sequence) limited

6. Continuation of iteration : Looping

61. a. Single Looping

6.2. Looping and single looping

6.3. Looping in looping

7. Command looping

7.1. Single Looping

7.1.1. a. FOR - - - NEXT - - - STEP

7.1.2. b. DO [ ( WHILE) condition ] [block statement] . . . LOOP

7.1.3. c. DO [ ( UNTIL) condition ] [block statement] . . . LOOP

7.1.4. d. DO [block statement] . . . LOOP [ ( WHILE) condition ]

7.1.5. e. DO [block statement] . . . LOOP [ ( UNTIL) condition ]

7.1.6. f. WHILE . . . WEND

7.2. Looping and looping

7.2.1. a. FOR - - - NEXT - - STEP

7.2.2. b. DO [ ( WHILE) condition ] [block statement] . . . LOOP

7.2.3. c. DO [ ( UNTIL) condition ] [block statement] . . . LOOP

7.2.4. d. DO [block statement] . . . LOOP [ ( WHILE) condition ]

7.2.5. e. DO [block statement . . . LOOP [ ( UNTIL) condition ]

7.2.6. f. WHILE . . . WEND

7.3. Looping in looping

7.3.1. Formula FOR - - NEXT which is correct

7.3.2. Formula FOR - - NEXT which is wrong

7.4. Looping Continuation

7.4.1. a. FOR - - - NEXT - - STEP

7.4.2. b. DO [ ( WHILE) condition ] [block statement] . . . LOOP

7.4.3. c. DO [ ( UNTIL) condition ] [block statement k] . . . LOOP

7.4.4. d. DO [block statement] . . . LOOP [ ( WHILE) condition ]

7.4.5. e. DO [block statement] . . . LOOP [ ( UNTIL) condition ]

7.4.6. f. WHILE . . . WEND

75. Visualization of Writing

7.5.1. Example: 7.4.6. f. WHILE . . . WEND

7.6. Application

7.6.1. Siren

7.6.1.1. Tone Program 1

7.6.1.2. Tone Program 2

7.6.1.3. Tone Program 3

7.6.1.4. Tone Program 4

7.6.1.5. Determines gamut

7.6.1.6. Program A5

8. ELEMENTARY FLOWCHART

8.1. EXAMPLE: Problem 12

8.2. Solution

8.3. Logic

8.4. Programming steps

8.4.1. Elementary flowchart picture

8.4.2. Writes name of variable

8.4.3. Determines variable data input

8.4.4. Writes mathematics formula required

8.4.5. Print output when data has finished

8.4.6. Program Listing

8.4.7. Description

9. Preparation in making of program

91. Makes HEADER

9.1.1. Arranges header at monitor

10. The problem of programming logics

10.1. A. Problems which the data within a program

10.1.1. Extract Processing

10.1. 2. Summarize consisted of:

10.1. 2.1. i. Single Control Break

10.1. 2.2. ii. Multiple Control Break

10.1. 2.3. iii. Double Check.

10.2. B Problem which the data separated from program

10.2. C Problem in the application of accountancy system

11. EXTRACT theory

12. Composition of the EXTRACT Problem

12.1. Name of PROGRAM A1

12.2. Input Record

12.3. Output Record

12.4. Process

12.5. Output

13. Step in Problem Solving

13.1. Determines name of input variable

13.2. Create A1 data input

13.3. Determines name of output variable A1

13.4. Create output A1

13.5. Making of Flowchart Program

13.6. Writing of Program Listing

13.7. Description

13.8. Program listing after in modification

14. SUMMARIZE

14.1. Base Flowchart Summarize

14.1.1. Single Control Break

14.1.1.1. Example of problem 14 (Single Control Break)

14.1.1.2. Computing process logic

14.1.1.2.1. Early phase

14.1.1.2.2. The next phase

14.1.1.3. SUMMARIZE Process (Summary).

14.1.1.4. Two kinds of solution

14.1.1.4.1. Logic of SCB A

14.1.1.4.2. Logic of SCB B

14.1.1.5. The Problem Of SUMMARIZE

14.1.1.6. MULTI STATEMENT

14.1.1.6.1. Program Listing MULTI STATEMENT

14.1.1.6.2. It is not suggested to recap

14.1.2. Multiple Control Break

14.1.2.1. Computing in logic process

14.1.2.1.1. Early phase

14.1.2.1.2. The next phase

14.1.3. Double Check

14.1.3.1. Double Check computing process logic

14.1.3.1.1. Early phase

14.1.3.1.2. The next phase

14.1.3.1.3. Description

15. Header and Over Flow Test (OVL Test)

15.1. Header, Detail and Space

15.2. Programming logic of Header and OVL Test

15.3. Program listing Header & OVL test

15.4. Description

15.5. Main Program Listing

15.6. Complete Program listing

TABLE OF CONTENTS
LEVEL 2:

16.1. Filing System

16.2. ENTRY DATA PROGRAM

16.2.1. Data is recorded in the form of data string.

16.2.2. Recording in Sequential

16.2.2.1. Form Of SEQUENTIAL Record

16.2.2.2. FLOWCHART of ENTRY DATA BASE SEQUENTIAL

16.2.2.3. FLOWCHART of READ DATA BASE SEQUENTIAL

16.2.3. Recording in Random

16.2.3.1. Form of Recording LSET for A1$ and A2$

16.2.3.2. Form of Recording RSET for A1$ and A2$

16.2.3.3. Form of Recording LSET for A1$ and RSET for A2$

16.2.3.4. Flowchart Base of Filling System

16.2.3.5. Description

16.2.3.6. Flowchart of Data Base Recording (WRITE DATA)

16.2.3.7. Description

16.2.3.8. At recording process of random data:

16.2.4. PROGRAM READ DATA random

16.2.4.1. Base Flowchart of Filling System random

16.2.4.2. Base Flowchart of Data Read (READ DATA) random

16.2.4.3. Description

17. Data sequence Process (SORT PROCESSING)

17.1. Process BUBBLE SORT

17.2. Procedure

17.3. Data sequence program logic (BUBBLE SORT)

17.3.1. DIM

17.3.1.1. Dimension of 1

17.3.1.2. Dimension of 2

17.3.1.3. Dimension of 3

17.4. Continuation of data sequence program logic (SORT)

17.4.1. Program logic

18. Data sequence month in Process (SORT PROCESSING)

19. LOOK UP TABLE Process (looks for in tables)

19.1. The Look up Tables theory

19.2. Look up Tables Process

19.3. Procedure

19.3.1. ' PROCESS SAVES TABLES

19.3.2. ' STUDENT DATA READ PROCESS

19.3.3. ' RECORDING PROCESS COUNTER

19.3.4. ' SEARCHING PROCESS IN TABLES

19.3.5. ' DISPLAY PROCESS IN MONITOR AND OUTPUT RECORDING

19.4. Description:

20. Example of the problem of LOOK UP TABLE Process (looks for in tables)

21. The Problem of LOOK UP TABLES Process (to some tables)

22. LOOK UP TABLE Process (joined with Single Control Break process)

23. LOOK UP TABLE Process (joined with Multiple Control Break)

(With Header & test OVL)

24. MATCHING Process (checks off data between two / more files)

24.1. Theory

24.2. Process

24.3. THE BASE of MATCHING theory

24.4. FLOWCHART BASE MATCHING

24.5. Matching Program

ONE MASTER to MANY TRANSACTIONS

24.5.1. MATCHING Process: one opponents many

24.5.2. Analysis

24.5.3. Data criterion in this process

24.5.4. Example of Problem: Matching 1 Master to 2 transaction

25. Update Process (Repair / updating a data file)

25.1. Theory

25.2. Process

26. MERGE Process (Merger some data files)

26.1. The Merge theory

26.2. Merge Process

27. Example of application:

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Page 1. Updated: August 12 2009 at 7.00 AM
Flowcharting Technique
Flowcharting Technique is one way to learn the process of computing with a drawing program flow. This is taught at the beginning of the making of computer, using the BASIC language that human-oriented language. VBasic, Java and Lotus Domino adopted statement of BASIC.

Wednesday, May 6, 2009

Book title:
Flowcharting Technique logic for junior high school, senior high school, student and who want to learn it.

Note:
1. Translate the word which you don’t know from Indonesia to your country.
2. Please leave a comment or email: roesmintono@gmail.com
Thanks a lot.

Preface
There is a kind of "missing link" at user area IT, especially programmer candidate. Almost all of programming book doesn't give information about way of studying programming logic because generally the authors didn't get some education about flowcharting technique.
After more than twenty years elaborates process teaching in flowcharting technique, it is time to record experience of this teaching in the form of book, to appreciate technology knowledge. Some people say "flowcharting science" no more in use, since there are many sophisticated software now. But there are also many wishing existence of this specific book to be published. Maybe for collection only, but maybe applied as reference to study the other software.

No computer equipments
Technique Flowcharting is visualization of program path. Thereby documentation of a source program can be traced by others in easy way. One thing arising is that flowcharting technique can be studied and deepened "without using computer equipments"
Thereby all people can learn computer logic without supporting facilities for computer, but with pencil or ballpoint only.
What is its usage? Some people, because limitation of fund to buy computer can apply this book to learn how to makes computer program.
Assembly is programming language that is most difficult to be studied. Technique Flowcharting facilitates to make program intended for ASSEMBLY (low level language) .

BASICA
This book contains problem - solving of program in detail in (language) BASIC/ BASICA/ TURBO BASIC/ QBASIC.
This book is non BASIC / QBASIC language learning guidance but flowcharting technique control with BASIC / QBASIC language medium. With programming logic you can make it for making program base - for any computer software - .
Its problem and solution is made not only adds knowledge but also to get a lot of problem solving in programming logic.

Hopefully you can obtain benefit after studying it.